The_AT revolution_NN1 the_AT countryside_NN1 needs_VVZ :_: Christian_JJ Wolmar_NN1 says_VVZ Britain_NP1 is_VBZ lagging_VVG behind_RL in_II setting_VVG up_RP '_GE telecottages_NN2 '_GE By_II CHRISTIAN_JJ WOLMAR_NN1 THE_AT information_NN1 technology_NN1 revolution_NN1 has_VHZ left_VVN large_JJ swaths_NN2 of_IO rural_JJ Britain_NP1 untouched_JJ ._. 
The_AT only_JJ computers_NN2 in_II many_DA2 villages_NN2 are_VBR those_DD2 owned_VVN by_II the_AT teenage_JJ boys_NN2 of_IO the_AT affluent_JJ to_TO play_VVI their_APPGE wham-bam_JJ games_NN2 ._. 
Ashley_NP1 Dobbs_NP1 ,_, an_AT1 engaging_JJ young_JJ entrepreneur_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ setting_VVG out_RP to_TO change_VVI that_CST by_II creating_VVG a_AT1 nationwide_JJ network_NN1 of_IO '_GE telecottages_NN2 '_GE ._. 
This_DD1 clever_JJ name_NN1 ,_, with_IW its_APPGE neat_JJ evocation_NN1 of_IO new_JJ and_CC old_JJ ,_, describes_VVZ a_AT1 concept_NN1 which_DDQ was_VBDZ developed_VVN in_II Sweden_NP1 and_CC is_VBZ spreading_VVG to_II rural_JJ areas_NN2 across_II the_AT world_NN1 ._. 
In_II Mr_NNB Dobbs_NP1 's_GE words_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 telecottage_NN1 is_58 '_GE a_AT1 room_NN1 in_II a_AT1 village_NN1 filled_VVN with_IW computer_NN1 communications_NN2 that_CST can_VM be_VBI used_VVN by_II local_JJ people_NN to_TO learn_VVI and_CC work_NN1 '_GE ._. 
The_AT equipment_NN1 consists_VVZ of_IO ,_, perhaps_RR ,_, four_MC word_NN1 processors_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 modem_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 laser_NN1 printer_NN1 able_JK to_TO produce_VVI artwork-quality_JJ output_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 fax_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 photocopier_NN1 ._. 
Software_NN1 programmes_NN2 for_IF desk-top_JJ publishing_NN1 ,_, word_NN1 processing_NN1 ,_, accounting_VVG and_CC business_NN1 planning_NN1 are_VBR also_RR essential_JJ ._. 
Mr_NNB Dobbs_NP1 ,_, who_PNQS is_VBZ chairman_NN1 of_IO Telecottages_NP2 UK_NP1 ,_, warns_VVZ possible_JJ users_NN2 not_XX to_TO get_VVI bogged_VVN down_RP with_IW the_AT technology_NN1 :_: '_GE The_AT equipment_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 tool_NN1 to_TO overcome_VVI what_DDQ needs_VVZ to_TO be_VBI done_VDN ._. 
People_NN must_VM n't_XX think_VVI that_CST because_CS there_EX 's_VBZ a_AT1 computer_NN1 ,_, they_PPHS2 've_VH0 got_VVN to_TO think_VVI of_IO a_AT1 use_NN1 for_IF it_PPH1 ._. 
'_" He_PPHS1 reckons_VVZ there_EX are_VBR no_AT shortages_NN2 of_IO possible_JJ uses_NN2 farmers_NN2 can_VM use_VVI it_PPH1 to_TO do_VDI their_APPGE accounts_NN2 ,_, women_NN2 with_IW child-care_NN1 responsibilities_NN2 can_VM work_VVI in_II their_APPGE own_DA time_NNT1 on_II the_AT word_NN1 processors_NN2 ,_, publicity_NN1 material_NN1 for_IF local_JJ craftsmen_NN2 can_VM be_VBI produced_VVN and_RR31 so_RR32 on_RR33 ._. 
This_DD1 may_VM sound_VVI utopian_JJ ,_, but_CCB it_PPH1 has_VHZ been_VBN borne_VVN out_RP by_II the_AT experience_NN1 of_IO existing_JJ telecottages_NN2 ._. 
So_RG far_RR about_RG 100_MC have_VH0 been_VBN established_VVN ,_, mainly_RR in_II Scandinavia_NP1 but_CCB also_RR in_II Japan_NP1 and_CC several_DA2 third_MD world_NN1 countries_NN2 ._. 
As_II the_AT network_NN1 expands_VVZ ,_, so_RR do_VD0 the_AT uses_NN2 ._. 
The_AT first_MD was_VBDZ opened_VVN in_II the_AT village_NN1 of_IO Vemdalen_NN1 in_II the_AT remote_JJ forests_NN2 of_IO Sweden_NP1 in_II September_NPM1 1985_MC ._. 
The_AT impact_NN1 ,_, according_II21 to_II22 Henning_NP1 Albrechsten_NP1 ,_, president_NN1 of_IO Telecottages_NP2 International_JJ who_PNQS has_VHZ been_VBN involved_JJ in_II their_APPGE development_NN1 since_CS the_AT outset_NN1 ,_, was_VBDZ immediate_JJ ._. 
'_GE By_II holding_VVG open_JJ meetings_NN2 for_IF children_NN2 and_CC having_VHG the_AT telecottage_NN1 above_II the_AT local_JJ store_NN1 ,_, people_NN of_IO all_DB walks_NN2 of_IO life_NN1 came_VVD in_RP -_- small-scale_JJ entrepreneurs_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE spouses_NN2 ,_, shop_NN1 assistants_NN2 ,_, craftspeople_NN1 and_CC children_NN2 ._. 
Now_RT ,_, 15_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO the_AT village_NN1 regularly_RR uses_VVZ the_AT telecottage_NN1 and_CC at_RR21 least_RR22 20_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 has_VHZ taken_VVN courses_NN2 there_RL ._. 
'_GE Britain_NP1 is_VBZ lagging_VVG behind_RL ._. 
No_AT telecottages_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN established_VVN ,_, but_CCB there_EX are_VBR several_DA2 initiatives_NN2 in_II the_AT offing_NN1 ._. 
The_AT most_RGT advanced_JJ is_VBZ a_AT1 plan_NN1 for_IF five_MC in_II the_AT north_ND1 of_IO Scotland_NP1 which_DDQ will_VM be_VBI funded_VVN by_II the_AT Highlands_NP2 and_CC Islands_NN2 Development_NN1 Board_NN1 and_CC British_JJ Telecom_NP1 ._. 
Colin_NP1 Pavey_NP1 of_IO British_JJ Telecom_NP1 hopes_VVZ that_CST they_PPHS2 will_VM be_VBI running_VVG by_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT year_NNT1 ._. 
'_GE Two_MC would_VM be_VBI business-orientated_JJ and_CC three_MC would_VM be_VBI community-orientated_JJ and_CC located_VVN in_II schools_NN2 ._. 
We_PPIS2 are_VBR most_RGT interested_JJ in_II the_AT idea_NN1 of_IO networking_NN1 ,_, sharing_VVG skills_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 translation_NN1 and_CC using_VVG them_PPHO2 for_IF distance_NN1 learning_NN1 ._. 
'_GE Telephone_NN1 cables_NN2 in_II the_AT region_NN1 are_VBR being_VBG upgraded_VVN to_TO ensure_VVI they_PPHS2 are_VBR capable_JJ of_IO handling_VVG faxes_NN2 ._. 
Mr_NNB Dobbs_NP1 's_GE more_RGR unlikely_JJ allies_NN2 are_VBR the_AT Women_NN2 's_GE Institutes_NN2 ._. 
Most_DAT of_IO the_AT workers_NN2 in_II telecottages_NN2 and_CC many_DA2 of_IO the_AT users_NN2 are_VBR women_NN2 ._. 
He_PPHS1 says_VVZ :_: '_GE In_II villages_NN2 there_EX are_VBR many_DA2 women_NN2 with_IW skills_NN2 who_PNQS are_VBR n't_XX using_VVG them_PPHO2 because_II21 of_II22 child-care_NN1 problems_NN2 ._. 
But_CCB they_PPHS2 are_VBR interested_JJ in_II working_VVG ._. 
Users_NN2 of_IO telecottages_NN2 are_VBR given_VVN the_AT key_NN1 and_CC people_NN can_VM use_VVI them_PPHO2 at_II any_DD time_NNT1 ,_, which_DDQ means_VVZ that_CST women_NN2 can_VM come_VVI in_RP during_II the_AT evening_NNT1 ,_, early_RR in_II the_AT morning_NNT1 or_CC whatever_DDQV ._. 
'_" He_PPHS1 is_VBZ working_VVG on_II a_AT1 scheme_NN1 with_IW the_AT National_JJ Federation_NN1 of_IO WI_NN2 to_TO organise_VVI a_AT1 competition_NN1 to_TO celebrate_VVI next_MD year_NNT1 's_GE 75th_MD anniversary_NN1 by_II offering_VVG 10_MC telecottages_NN2 as_CSA prizes_NN2 for_IF its_APPGE 9,000_MC branches_NN2 and_CC he_PPHS1 is_VBZ hoping_VVG the_AT WI_NN1 will_VM establish_VVI a_AT1 pilot_NN1 telecottage_NN1 near_II its_APPGE college_NN1 in_II Denman_NP1 ,_, Oxfordshire_NP1 ._. 
While_CS telecottages_NN2 should_VM become_VVI self-financing_JJ once_RR established_VVN ,_, they_PPHS2 do_VD0 need_VVI initial_JJ subsidy_NN1 ._. 
The_AT cost_NN1 of_IO providing_VVG the_AT start-up_JJ equipment_NN1 is_VBZ in_RG41 the_RG42 order_RG43 of_RG44 10,000_MC and_CC Mr_NNB Dobbs_NP1 thinks_VVZ space_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX much_DA1 of_IO a_AT1 problem_NN1 :_: '_" There_EX 's_VBZ usually_RR the_AT village_NN1 hall_NN1 or_CC an_AT1 empty_JJ shop_NN1 ._. 
'_GE Henning_NP1 Albrechsten_NP1 reckons_VVZ that_CST it_PPH1 takes_VVZ three_MC years_NNT2 for_IF a_AT1 telecottage_NN1 to_TO be_VBI able_JK to_TO function_VVI without_IW subsidy_NN1 ._. 
In_II Scandinavia_NP1 ,_, with_IW their_APPGE mixed_JJ economies_NN2 ,_, money_NN1 is_VBZ always_RR available_JJ ,_, after_CS a_AT1 bit_NN1 of_IO persuasion_NN1 ,_, from_II both_DB2 local_JJ and_CC central_JJ government_NN1 ._. 
In_II Britain_NP1 ,_, the_AT tight_JJ financial_JJ regime_NN1 imposed_VVN on_II local_JJ councils_NN2 and_CC the_AT reluctance_NN1 of_IO central_JJ government_NN1 to_TO take_VVI on_RP any_DD new_JJ expenditure_NN1 makes_VVZ it_PPH1 necessary_JJ to_TO seek_VVI funds_NN2 from_II the_AT private_JJ sector_NN1 ._. 
The_AT only_JJ government_NN1 support_VV0 so_RG far_RR has_VHZ been_VBN a_AT1 recommendation_NN1 by_II the_AT Rural_JJ Development_NN1 Commission_NN1 ,_, part_NN1 of_IO the_AT Department_NN1 of_IO the_AT Environment_NN1 ,_, to_TO establish_VVI a_AT1 pilot_NN1 scheme_NN1 ._. 
Mr_NNB Dobbs_NP1 sighs_VVZ :_: '_" This_DD1 is_VBZ a_AT1 typically_RR British_JJ bureaucratic_JJ response_NN1 ._. 
It_PPH1 's_VHZ been_VBN proved_VVN elsewhere_RL that_CST they_PPHS2 work_VV0 ._. 
We_PPIS2 do_VD0 n't_XX need_VVI pilots_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 need_VV0 telecottages_NN2 ._. 
'_GE As_II21 for_II22 the_AT private_JJ sector_NN1 ,_, while_CS BT_NP1 may_VM be_VBI happy_JJ to_TO provide_VVI pump_NN1 priming_VVG for_IF five_MC telecottages_NN2 in_II the_AT north_ND1 of_IO Scotland_NP1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX about_RPK to_TO bankroll_VVI a_AT1 nationwide_JJ network_NN1 ._. 
Nor_CC ,_, it_PPH1 seems_VVZ ,_, is_VBZ anyone_PN1 else_RR ._. 
There_EX is_VBZ more_RRR at_II stake_NN1 here_RL than_CSN just_RR bringing_VVG boxes_NN2 of_IO sophisticated_JJ equipment_NN1 to_II remote_JJ areas_NN2 ._. 
As_CSA Mr_NNB Dobbs_NP1 ,_, who_PNQS runs_VVZ a_AT1 country_NN1 house_NN1 restoration_NN1 business_NN1 from_II his_APPGE home_NN1 in_II Micheldever_NP1 ,_, Hampshire_NP1 ,_, says_VVZ :_: '_GE Villages_NN2 are_VBR good_JJ places_NN2 to_TO live_VVI and_CC work_NN1 ._. 
The_AT village_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 fantastic_JJ institution_NN1 and_CC they_PPHS2 make_VV0 people_NN happier_JJR ._. 
'_GE But_CCB the_AT villages_NN2 are_VBR dying_VVG ,_, becoming_VVG suburbs_NN2 or_CC dormitories_NN2 where_RRQ few_DA2 people_NN work_VV0 but_CCB many_DA2 sleep_NN1 ._. 
Employment_NN1 in_II agriculture_NN1 ,_, still_RR the_AT main_JJ rural_JJ industry_NN1 ,_, fell_VVD from_II over_RG a_AT1 million_NNO in_II the_AT mid-Sixties_MC2 to_II under_RG 100,000_MC now_RT ._. 
The_AT aim_NN1 of_IO telecottages_NN2 is_VBZ to_TO create_VVI well-paid_JJ ,_, flexible_JJ employment_NN1 which_DDQ will_VM provide_VVI new_JJ jobs_NN2 and_CC make_VVI existing_JJ rural_JJ industries_NN2 more_RGR competitive_JJ ._. 
The_AT emphasis_NN1 on_II high_JJ wages_NN2 is_VBZ important_JJ ._. 
Villages_NN2 are_VBR expensive_JJ to_TO live_VVI in_RP and_CC if_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR to_TO become_VVI vibrant_JJ communities_NN2 again_RT ,_, local_JJ people_NN must_VM be_VBI able_JK to_TO earn_VVI enough_DD to_TO be_VBI able_JK to_TO continue_VVI living_VVG in_II them_PPHO2 ._. 
There_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 wider_JJR impact_NN1 ,_, too_RR ._. 
The_AT abstract_JJ talk_NN1 of_IO commuting_VVG by_II rail_NN1 or_CC road_NN1 being_VBG replaced_VVN by_II information_NN1 technology_NN1 finds_VVZ a_AT1 concrete_JJ expression_NN1 in_II the_AT idea_NN1 of_IO telecottages_NN2 ._. 
Once_RR people_NN overcome_VV0 their_APPGE fears_NN2 about_II computers_NN2 and_CC begin_VV0 to_TO use_VVI them_PPHO2 in_II telecottages_NN2 ,_, they_PPHS2 acquire_VV0 their_APPGE own_DA equipment_NN1 ._. 
Many_DA2 may_VM eventually_RR be_VBI able_JK to_TO work_VVI from_II home_NN1 rather_CS21 than_CS22 commute_VVI to_II an_AT1 office_NN1 ._. 
Henning_NP1 Albrechsten_NP1 says_VVZ :_: '_GE Modern_JJ information_NN1 technology_NN1 has_VHZ given_VVN people_NN in_II remote_JJ regions_NN2 the_AT opportunity_NN1 to_TO overcome_VVI their_APPGE worst_JJT handicap_NN1 ;_; their_APPGE distance_NN1 from_II the_AT centres_NN2 of_IO learning_NN1 and_CC development_NN1 ._. 
'_" He_PPHS1 sees_VVZ them_PPHO2 as_CSA not_XX only_RR strengthening_VVG small_JJ communities_NN2 ,_, but_CCB also_RR as_CSA actually_RR beginning_VVG to_TO reverse_VVI the_AT population_NN1 flows_VVZ from_II the_AT countryside_NN1 to_II the_AT towns_NN2 ._. 
Britain_NP1 ,_, with_IW its_APPGE growing_JJ traffic_NN1 problems_NN2 ,_, seems_VVZ an_AT1 ideal_JJ place_NN1 for_IF the_AT onset_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 revolution_NN1 ._. 
Despite_II Mr_NNB Dobbs_NP1 's_GE tireless_JJ efforts_NN2 ,_, this_DD1 is_VBZ another_DD1 revolution_NN1 which_DDQ Britain_NP1 is_VBZ likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI viewing_VVG from_II the_AT sidelines_NN2 ._. 
The_AT busy_JJ sex_NN1 life_NN1 of_IO the_AT nice_JJ male_NN1 :_: Chris_NP1 Barnard_NP1 explains_VVZ why_RRQ patting_NN1 children_NN2 on_II the_AT head_NN1 could_VM help_VVI a_AT1 man_NN1 curry_NN1 favour_NN1 with_IW their_APPGE mother_NN1 By_II CHRIS_NP1 BARNARD_NP1 I_PPIS1 REMEMBER_VV0 once_RR seeing_VVG a_AT1 small_JJ girl_NN1 remove_VV0 a_AT1 tin_NN1 of_IO soup_NN1 from_II halfway_RR down_RP a_AT1 display_NN1 stack_NN1 in_II a_AT1 supermarket_NN1 ._. 
The_AT predictable_JJ ,_, and_CC very_RG satisfying_JJ ,_, result_NN1 attracted_VVD the_AT attention_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 nearby_JJ assistant_NN1 ,_, who_PNQS strode_VVD towards_II the_AT offending_JJ infant_NN1 with_IW an_AT1 expression_NN1 of_IO undisguised_JJ anger_NN1 on_II her_APPGE face_NN1 ._. 
Suddenly_RR she_PPHS1 caught_VVD sight_NN1 of_IO the_AT child_NN1 's_GE mother_NN1 ._. 
Immediately_RR ,_, her_APPGE expression_NN1 and_CC pace_NN1 of_IO approach_NN1 changed_VVN and_CC instead_II21 of_II22 the_AT lambasting_NN1 ,_, or_CC worse_JJR ,_, she_PPHS1 had_VHD seemed_VVN about_RPK to_TO deliver_VVI ,_, she_PPHS1 gave_VVD the_AT child_NN1 a_AT1 tolerant_JJ smile_NN1 and_CC began_VVD to_TO pick_VVI up_RP the_AT scattered_JJ cans_NN2 ._. 
Most_DAT of_IO us_PPIO2 have_VH0 experienced_VVN similar_JJ examples_NN2 of_IO such_DA '_GE audience_NN1 effects_NN2 '_GE on_II behaviour_NN1 :_: playing_VVG a_AT1 game_NN1 to_II perfection_NN1 (_( or_CC otherwise_RR )_) when_RRQ the_AT team_NN1 selector_NN1 is_VBZ present_JJ ,_, for_REX21 instance_REX22 ._. 
What_DDQ you_PPY do_VD0 depends_VVZ very_RG much_DA1 on_II who_PNQS might_VM be_VBI watching_VVG ,_, often_RR with_IW good_JJ reason_NN1 ._. 
Prudently_RR taking_VVG cognisance_NN1 of_IO onlookers_NN2 also_RR turns_VVZ out_RP to_TO be_VBI important_JJ in_II the_AT social_JJ behaviour_NN1 of_IO other_JJ primates_NN2 ._. 
Frans_NP1 de_NP1 Waal_NP1 ,_, in_II his_APPGE book_NN1 Chimpanzee_NN1 Politics_NN1 ,_, relates_VVZ a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO instances_NN2 among_II groups_NN2 of_IO captive_JJ chimps_NN2 ._. 
One_MC1 of_IO the_AT most_RGT striking_JJ concerned_JJ a_AT1 male_NN1 called_VVN Yeroen_NN1 which_DDQ was_VBDZ hurt_VVN in_II a_AT1 fight_NN1 with_IW another_DD1 male_NN1 ,_, Nikkie_NP1 ._. 
For_IF nearly_RR a_AT1 week_NNT1 after_II the_AT injury_NN1 ,_, whenever_RRQV he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ in_II Nikkie_NP1 's_GE field_NN1 of_IO view_NN1 ,_, Yeroen_NP1 would_VM hobble_VVI pitifully_RR ,_, generating_VVG an_AT1 air_NN1 of_IO pain_NN1 and_CC dejection_NN1 ._. 
As_CS31 soon_CS32 as_CS33 he_PPHS1 moved_VVD out_II21 of_II22 Nikkie_NP1 's_GE view_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, his_APPGE demeanour_NN1 changed_VVN and_CC he_PPHS1 walked_VVD normally_RR without_IW discomfort_NN1 ._. 
What_DDQ Yeroen_NP1 hoped_VVD to_TO gain_VVI by_II his_APPGE play-acting_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX clear_JJ ,_, though_CS it_PPH1 may_VM have_VHI helped_VVN to_TO defuse_VVI further_JJR aggression_NN1 ._. 
What_DDQ is_VBZ clear_JJ is_VBZ that_CST his_APPGE behaviour_NN1 was_VBDZ geared_VVN to_II the_AT available_JJ audience_NN1 ._. 
Some_DD recent_JJ work_NN1 on_II green_JJ vervet_NN1 monkeys_NN2 shows_VVZ that_DD1 audience_NN1 effects_NN2 can_VM be_VBI important_JJ in_II other_JJ contexts_NN2 in_II which_DDQ their_APPGE functional_JJ significance_NN1 is_VBZ a_RR21 little_RR22 easier_JJR to_TO identify_VVI ._. 
Anne_NP1 Keddy_NP1 Hector_NP1 ,_, Robert_NP1 Seyfarth_NP1 and_CC Michael_NP1 Raleigh_NP1 at_II the_AT Universities_NN2 of_IO California_NP1 and_CC Pennsylvania_NP1 have_VH0 been_VBN studying_VVG parental_JJ behaviour_NN1 among_II captive_NN1 vervets_VVZ to_TO see_VVI if_CSW males_NN2 '_GE parental_JJ ability_NN1 affected_VVN the_AT females_NN2 '_GE choice_NN1 of_IO mate_NN1 ._. 
Their_APPGE argument_NN1 was_VBDZ that_CST a_AT1 male_NN1 's_GE potential_JJ quality_NN1 as_II a_AT1 parent_NN1 might_VM be_VBI important_JJ because_CS ,_, in_II many_DA2 species_NN of_IO Old_JJ World_NN1 monkeys_NN2 ,_, males_NN2 form_VV0 strong_JJ protective_JJ relationships_NN2 with_IW females_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE young_JJ ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR crucial_JJ in_II reducing_VVG the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO harassment_NN1 and_CC competition_NN1 the_AT young_JJ suffer_VV0 from_II other_JJ members_NN2 of_IO the_AT group_NN1 ._. 
In_II a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO species_NN ,_, bonds_NN2 between_II males_NN2 and_CC infants_NN2 within_II a_AT1 group_NN1 may_VM influence_VVI the_AT chances_NN2 of_IO males_NN2 mating_VVG with_IW certain_JJ females_NN2 ._. 
In_II baboons_NN2 and_CC Japanese_JJ macaques_NN2 mothers_NN2 resuming_VVG their_APPGE sexual_JJ cycle_NN1 are_VBR more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO mate_VVI with_IW males_NN2 who_PNQS have_VH0 formed_VVN a_AT1 relationship_NN1 with_IW their_APPGE offspring_NN ._. 
Demonstrating_VVG parental_JJ behaviour_NN1 towards_II infants_NN2 may_VM be_VBI a_AT1 ruse_NN1 by_II which_DDQ low-ranking_JJ males_NN2 are_VBR able_JK to_TO gain_VVI mating_JJ opportunities_NN2 ._. 
If_CS this_DD1 is_VBZ true_JJ ,_, then_RT males_NN2 should_VM respond_VVI differently_RR towards_II an_AT1 infant_NN1 depending_II21 on_II22 whether_CSW31 or_CSW32 not_CSW33 its_APPGE mother_NN1 is_VBZ around_RP to_TO be_VBI impressed_VVN ._. 
Keddy_NP1 Hector_NP1 ,_, Seyfarth_NP1 and_CC Raleigh_NP1 tested_VVD this_DD1 in_II an_AT1 ingenious_JJ experiment_NN1 ._. 
They_PPHS2 looked_VVD at_II the_AT behaviour_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 male_NN1 and_CC infant_NN1 under_RG one_MC1 of_IO three_MC conditions_NN2 ._. 
In_II one_MC1 ,_, the_AT infant_NN1 's_GE mother_NN1 was_VBDZ placed_VVN behind_II a_AT1 clear_JJ screen_NN1 so_CS21 that_CS22 the_AT male_NN1 and_CC infant_NN1 could_VM see_VVI her_PPHO1 and_CC she_PPHS1 could_VM see_VVI them_PPHO2 ._. 
In_II a_AT1 second_NNT1 ,_, the_AT screen_NN1 was_VBDZ replaced_VVN with_IW a_AT1 one-way_JJ mirror_NN1 so_CS21 that_CS22 the_AT mother_NN1 could_VM see_VVI the_AT interacting_JJ pair_NN but_CCB could_VM not_XX herself_PPX1 be_VBI seen_VVN ._. 
In_II the_AT final_JJ condition_NN1 ,_, the_AT mother_NN1 was_VBDZ hidden_VVN behind_II a_AT1 metal_NN1 screen_NN1 so_CS21 that_CS22 she_PPHS1 could_VM neither_RR see_VVI nor_CC be_VBI seen_VVN by_II the_AT pair_NN in_II the_AT observation_NN1 room_NN1 ._. 
After_CS half_DB an_AT1 hour_NNT1 in_II each_DD1 case_NN1 ,_, the_AT mother_NN1 was_VBDZ released_VVN to_TO join_VVI her_APPGE infant_NN1 and_CC the_AT accompanying_JJ male_NN1 ._. 
The_AT experiment_NN1 revealed_VVD a_AT1 complex_JJ interaction_NN1 between_II male_NN1 and_CC female_JJ dominance_NN1 rank_NN1 and_CC visibility_NN1 of_IO the_AT mother_NN1 in_II determining_VVG male_JJ responses_NN2 to_II infants_NN2 and_CC female_JJ behaviour_NN1 towards_II males_NN2 ._. 
Males_NN2 of_IO all_DB dominance_NN1 classes_NN2 (_( alpha_NN1 ,_, subordinate_JJ and_CC newly_RR introduced_VVN )_) were_VBDR less_RGR aggressive_JJ towards_II infants_NN2 when_RRQ the_AT mother_NN1 was_VBDZ in_II sight_NN1 ._. 
Alpha_NN1 males_NN2 were_VBDR consistently_RR friendlier_JJR than_CSN others_NN2 towards_II male_JJ infants_NN2 but_CCB were_VBDR particularly_RR nice_JJ if_CS there_EX was_VBDZ a_AT1 chance_NN1 that_CST the_AT infant_NN1 was_VBDZ their_APPGE own_DA ._. 
Subordinate_JJ males_NN2 ,_, on_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, were_VBDR friendlier_JJR towards_II the_AT infants_NN2 of_IO high-ranking_JJ females_NN2 ,_, perhaps_RR because_CS their_APPGE own_DA rank_NN1 might_VM increase_VVI if_CSW they_PPHS2 managed_VVD to_TO associate_VVI themselves_PPX2 with_IW such_DA females_NN2 ._. 
They_PPHS2 were_VBDR also_RR friendlier_JJR towards_II female_JJ infants_NN2 and_CC those_DD2 not_XX fathered_VVN by_II the_AT current_JJ alpha_NN1 male_NN1 ._. 
Newly_RR introduced_VVN males_NN2 were_VBDR the_AT least_RGT friendly_JJ to_II infants_NN2 ._. 
If_CS being_VBG nice_JJ to_II infants_NN2 is_VBZ a_AT1 way_NN1 of_IO currying_VVG favour_NN1 with_IW females_NN2 ,_, the_AT benefits_NN2 ought_VMK to_TO be_VBI discernible_JJ in_II the_AT way_NN1 males_NN2 were_VBDR treated_VVN once_RR the_AT observer_NN1 females_NN2 were_VBDR let_VVN loose_JJ ._. 
This_DD1 seemed_VVD to_TO be_VBI the_AT case_NN1 ._. 
Overall_RR ,_, females_NN2 were_VBDR friendliest_JJT and_CC least_RGT aggressive_JJ towards_II alpha_NN1 males_NN2 ,_, regardless_RR of_IO their_APPGE treatment_NN1 of_IO infants_NN2 ._. 
Since_CS females_NN2 reap_VV0 substantial_JJ protective_JJ benefits_NN2 from_II associating_VVG with_IW alpha_NN1 males_NN2 ,_, this_DD1 is_VBZ perhaps_RR not_XX surprising_JJ ._. 
When_CS it_PPH1 came_VVD to_II subordinate_JJ males_NN2 ,_, however_RR ,_, there_EX was_VBDZ a_AT1 strong_JJ relationship_NN1 between_II how_RGQ nice_JJ males_NN2 had_VHD been_VBN to_II infants_NN2 and_CC how_RGQ likely_JJ they_PPHS2 were_VBDR to_TO be_VBI attacked_VVN by_II the_AT female_NN1 :_: nicer_JJR males_NN2 fared_VVD better_RRR ._. 
In_II the_AT one-way_JJ mirror_NN1 treatment_NN1 ,_, when_CS males_NN2 were_VBDR unaware_JJ they_PPHS2 were_VBDR being_VBG watched_VVN ,_, they_PPHS2 were_VBDR more_RGR aggressive_JJ towards_II infants_NN2 than_CSN in_II the_AT clear_JJ screen_NN1 treatment_NN1 and_CC as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 they_PPHS2 received_VVD a_AT1 drubbing_NN1 from_II the_AT female_NN1 ._. 
The_AT experiment_NN1 thus_RR suggests_VVZ that_CST while_CS alpha_NN1 males_NN2 can_VM trade_VVI on_II their_APPGE superior_JJ competitive_JJ ability_NN1 to_TO obtain_VVI mates_NN2 ,_, subordinates_NN2 may_VM have_VHI to_TO wheedle_VVI their_APPGE way_NN1 into_II favour_NN1 ._. 
Judiciously_RR patting_VVG junior_JJ on_II the_AT head_NN1 when_CS mum_NN1 is_VBZ watching_VVG may_VM be_VBI a_AT1 useful_JJ way_NN1 of_IO doing_VDG it_PPH1 ._. 
Dr_NNB Chris_NP1 Barnard_NP1 works_VVZ in_II the_AT Department_NN1 of_IO Zoology_NN1 at_II Nottingham_NP1 University_NN1 ._. 
Cool_JJ solutions_NN2 for_IF hot_JJ climates_NN2 :_: David_NP1 Spark_NN1 looks_VVZ at_II tropical_JJ temperature_NN1 controls_VVZ for_IF vaccines_NN2 By_II DAVID_NP1 SPARK_VV0 WHEN_RRQ smallpox_NN was_VBDZ wiped_VVN out_RP by_II a_AT1 campaign_NN1 led_VVN by_II the_AT World_NN1 Health_NN1 Organisation_NN1 ,_, the_AT campaigners_NN2 were_VBDR fortunate_JJ in_II that_DD1 smallpox_NN vaccine_NN1 remains_VVZ effective_JJ even_CS21 when_CS22 stored_VVN at_II relatively_RR uncontrolled_JJ temperatures_NN2 ._. 
Vaccines_NN2 against_II measles_NN ,_, polio_NN1 ,_, whooping_NN1 cough_NN1 and_CC other_JJ killing_NN1 infections_NN2 prevalent_JJ in_II the_AT third_MD world_NN1 are_VBR much_RR more_RGR sensitive_JJ ,_, however_RR ._. 
On_II31 behalf_II32 of_II33 WHO_NP1 and_CC Unicef_NP1 ,_, the_AT Consumer_NN1 Research_NN1 Laboratory_NN1 (_( CRL_NP1 )_) at_II Harpenden_NP1 ,_, Herts_NP1 ,_, has_VHZ set_VVN up_RP a_AT1 special_JJ facility_NN1 to_TO test_VVI the_AT equipment_NN1 used_VMK to_TO carry_VVI and_CC store_NN1 vaccines_NN2 ._. 
CRL_NP1 is_VBZ allocating_VVG the_AT equivalent_NN1 of_IO one_MC1 person_NN1 working_VVG full-time_JJ to_II the_AT programme_NN1 ._. 
The_AT CRL_NP1 's_GE main_JJ task_NN1 is_VBZ testing_VVG products_NN2 for_IF the_AT Consumers_NN2 '_GE Association_NN1 ,_, publisher_NN1 of_IO Which_DDQ ?_? magazine_NN1 ._. 
Since_II 1978_MC ,_, it_PPH1 has_VHZ also_RR tested_VVN equipment_NN1 used_VVN in_II the_AT '_GE cold_NN1 chain'_VVG the_AT succession_NN1 of_IO insulated_JJ containers_NN2 which_DDQ ensures_VVZ that_CST vaccines_NN2 and_CC other_JJ sensitive_JJ materials_NN2 reach_VV0 their_APPGE destinations_NN2 ,_, often_RR isolated_JJ villages_NN2 without_IW electricity_NN1 ,_, in_II good_JJ condition_NN1 ,_, on_II which_DDQ WHO_NP1 's_VBZ immunisation_NN1 campaign_NN1 depends_VVZ ._. 
In_II 1983_MC ,_, CRL_NP1 helped_VVD to_TO set_VVI up_RP a_AT1 test_NN1 facility_NN1 at_II the_AT University_NN1 of_IO Cali_NN1 in_II Colombia_NP1 ._. 
With_IW more_DAR equipment_NN1 coming_VVG on_II the_AT market_NN1 ,_, WHO_PNQS decided_VVD that_DD1 Cali_NN1 should_VM concentrate_VVI on_II long-term_JJ research_NN1 and_CC that_CST a_AT1 full-time_JJ test_NN1 facility_NN1 was_VBDZ needed_VVN in_II Europe_NP1 ._. 
Other_JJ laboratories_NN2 test_VV0 particular_JJ products_NN2 ,_, but_CCB CRL_NP1 is_VBZ probably_RR the_AT only_JJ one_PN1 which_DDQ can_VM cover_VVI the_AT full_JJ range_NN1 of_IO equipment_NN1 needed_VVN in_II the_AT cold_JJ chain_NN1 ._. 
The_AT range_NN1 is_VBZ wide_JJ ._. 
Manufacturers_NN2 dispatch_VV0 vials_NN2 of_IO vaccine_NN1 along_II21 with_II22 frozen_JJ carbon_NN1 dioxide_NN1 for_IF cooling_VVG in_II large_JJ ,_, insulated_JJ cartons_NN2 which_DDQ must_VM be_VBI tested_VVN for_IF both_DB2 strength_NN1 and_CC the_AT efficiency_NN1 of_IO the_AT insulation_NN1 ._. 
From_II the_AT cartons_NN2 ,_, the_AT vials_NN2 are_VBR unloaded_VVN into_II freezers_NN2 and_CC refrigerators_NN2 ._. 
The_AT Harpenden_NP1 test_NN1 facility_NN1 will_VM show_VVI how_RRQ these_DD2 stand_VV0 up_II21 to_II22 the_AT high_JJ temperatures_NN2 of_IO the_AT tropics_NN ._. 
Thermocouples_NN2 at_II critical_JJ points_NN2 in_II each_DD1 fridge_NN1 or_CC other_JJ piece_NN1 of_IO equipment_NN1 will_VM show_VVI ,_, through_II a_AT1 computer_NN1 print-out_NN1 ,_, how_RRQ the_AT temperature_NN1 varies_VVZ inside_II it_PPH1 ._. 
Other_JJ items_NN2 on_II test_NN1 include_VV0 the_AT cold_JJ boxes_NN2 in_II which_DDQ vaccines_NN2 are_VBR carried_VVN to_II villages_NN2 ,_, sterilisers_NN2 for_IF the_AT syringes_NN2 ,_, stoves_NN2 for_IF the_AT sterilisers_NN2 and_CC thermometers_NN2 ._. 
The_AT outcome_NN1 of_IO the_AT tests_NN2 is_VBZ to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 book_NN1 of_IO approved_JJ equipment_NN1 ,_, with_IW details_NN2 of_IO performance_NN1 ,_, published_VVN by_II WHO_NP1 and_CC Unicef_NP1 ._. 
An_AT1 obvious_JJ snag_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT power_NN1 cuts_NN2 which_DDQ are_VBR common_JJ in_II third_MD world_NN1 countries_NN2 ._. 
The_AT CRL_NP1 tackled_VVD this_DD1 problem_NN1 a_AT1 few_DA2 years_NNT2 ago_RA ,_, developing_VVG ice-lined_JJ refrigerators_NN2 :_: tubes_NN2 of_IO water_NN1 surrounding_VVG the_AT fridge_NN1 compartment_NN1 freeze_NN1 ;_; if_CS the_AT power_NN1 fails_VVZ ,_, the_AT tubes_NN2 keep_VV0 the_AT vaccines_NN2 cool_VV0 until_CS all_DB the_AT ice_NN1 has_VHZ melted_VVN ._. 
Designs_NN2 are_VBR now_RT being_VBG considered_VVN for_IF small_JJ ice-lined_JJ cabinets_NN2 for_IF doctors_NN2 '_GE surgeries_NN2 ,_, so_CS21 that_CS22 doctors_NN2 can_VM have_VHI vaccines_NN2 at_II hand_NN1 to_TO immunise_VVI any_DD child_NN1 who_PNQS comes_VVZ for_IF treatment_NN1 ._. 
A_AT1 drop_NN1 in_II voltage_NN1 can_VM be_VBI more_RGR serious_JJ than_CSN a_AT1 power_NN1 cut_NN1 ._. 
Below_II a_AT1 given_JJ voltage_NN1 ,_, the_AT compressor_NN1 in_II a_AT1 refrigerator_NN1 burns_VVZ itself_PPX1 out_RP ._. 
So_RR there_EX must_VM be_VBI a_AT1 voltage_NN1 control_NN1 unit_NN1 to_TO cut_VVI the_AT power_NN1 supply_NN1 if_CS the_AT voltage_NN1 fails_VVZ ,_, and_CC these_DD2 units_NN2 must_VM also_RR be_VBI tested_VVN ._. 
Ken_NP1 Mills_NP1 ,_, manager_NN1 of_IO external_JJ projects_NN2 at_II Harpenden_NP1 ,_, says_VVZ that_CST in_II some_DD developing_JJ countries_NN2 the_AT control_NN1 units_NN2 themselves_PPX2 were_VBDR blowing_VVG up_RP ._. 
It_PPH1 was_VBDZ thought_VVN that_CST people_NN tapping_VVG into_II the_AT power_NN1 supply_NN1 illegally_RR were_VBDR sending_VVG high-voltage_NN1 '_GE spikes_NN2 '_GE down_RP the_AT line_NN1 ._. 
So_RR control_VV0 units_NN2 must_VM be_VBI designed_VVN to_TO withstand_VVI these_DD2 spikes_NN2 ._. 
'_" We_PPIS2 have_VH0 to_TO create_VVI the_AT spikes_NN2 here_RL ,_, to_TO see_VVI how_RRQ the_AT units_NN2 withstand_VV0 them_PPHO2 ,_, '_" he_PPHS1 says_VVZ ._. 
Last_MD year_NNT1 ,_, WHO_PNQS presented_VVD CRL_NP1 with_IW another_DD1 problem_NN1 :_: disposing_VVG of_IO used_JJ syringes_NN2 ._. 
'_" You_PPY ca_VM n't_XX just_RR dig_VVI a_AT1 hole_NN1 and_CC bury_VVI them_PPHO2 ._. 
After_CS use_NN1 ,_, the_AT needles_NN2 can_VM be_VBI infected_VVN ._. 
Kids_NN2 dig_VV0 them_PPHO2 up_RP and_CC can_VM scratch_VVI themselves_PPX2 ._. 
'_GE CRL_NP1 worked_VVD with_IW a_AT1 box-maker_NN1 ,_, Cundell_NP1 Decorprint_NN1 of_IO Somercotes_NP1 ,_, Derbyshire_NP1 ,_, who_PNQS produced_VVD a_AT1 box_NN1 in_II which_DDQ discarded_VVD plastic_NN1 syringes_NN2 can_VM be_VBI burned_VVN ._. 
The_AT box_NN1 had_VHD to_TO be_VBI flat-packed_JJ but_CCB assembled_VVD without_IW glue_NN1 ;_; it_PPH1 had_VHD to_TO be_VBI portable_JJ and_CC reasonably_RR waterproof_JJ ._. 
When_CS the_AT box_NN1 is_VBZ full_JJ ,_, you_PPY drop_VV0 in_II a_AT1 burning_JJ match_NN1 ._. 
The_AT plastic_NN1 of_IO the_AT syringes_NN2 catches_VVZ fire_NN1 and_CC the_AT fire_NN1 kills_VVZ any_DD infection_NN1 on_II the_AT needles_NN2 ._. 
Science_NN1 and_CC Technology_NN1 Viewpoint_NN1 :_: Checks_NN2 for_IF man-made_JJ genetic_JJ time_NNT1 bombs_NN2 By_II TOM_NP1 WILKIE_NP1 PLUTONIUM_NN1 ,_, more_RRR than_CSN any_DD other_JJ element_NN1 in_II the_AT periodic_JJ table_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ capable_JJ of_IO arousing_VVG strong_JJ public_JJ emotion_NN1 ,_, bordering_VVG at_II times_NNT2 on_II hysterical_JJ fear_NN1 and_CC loathing_NN1 ._. 
Yet_RR plutonium_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN intensively_RR studied_VVN ,_, is_VBZ well_RR understood_VVN ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 decays_VVZ away_RL into_II harmlessness_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 half-life_NN1 of_IO about_RG 240,000_MC years_NNT2 ._. 
Consider_VV0 instead_RR ,_, living_VVG creatures_NN2 ._. 
They_PPHS2 interact_VV0 with_IW the_AT natural_JJ world_NN1 in_II complex_NN1 ,_, ill-understood_JJ ways_NN2 ecology_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT youngest_JJT science_NN1 ._. 
Individuals_NN2 may_VM die_VVI ,_, but_CCB plants_NN2 ,_, animals_NN2 ,_, and_CC micro-organisms_NN2 ,_, are_VBR capable_JJ of_IO reproducing_VVG and_CC increasing_VVG their_APPGE numbers_NN2 ._. 
It_PPH1 is_VBZ surprising_JJ therefore_RR ,_, that_CST there_EX has_VHZ been_VBN so_RG little_DA1 public_JJ interest_NN1 in_II this_DD1 country_NN1 in_II proposals_NN2 to_TO release_VVI into_II the_AT environment_NN1 living_NN1 ,_, man-made_JJ creatures_NN2 ._. 
Genetic_JJ engineering_NN1 has_VHZ reached_VVN a_AT1 point_NN1 of_IO such_DA sophistication_NN1 that_CST there_EX are_VBR clear_JJ benefits_NN2 to_TO be_VBI gained_VVN by_II releasing_VVG from_II the_AT laboratory_NN1 living_NN1 organisms_NN2 upon_II which_DDQ have_VH0 been_VBN conferred_VVN characteristics_NN2 they_PPHS2 could_VM never_RR have_VHI acquired_VVN through_II the_AT normal_JJ processes_NN2 of_IO evolution_NN1 or_CC selective_JJ breeding_NN1 ._. 
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ possible_JJ to_TO snip_VVI through_II the_AT genes_NN2 of_IO the_AT vaccinia_NN1 viruses_NN2 (_( one_MC1 of_IO which_DDQ is_VBZ the_AT basis_NN1 for_IF the_AT vaccine_NN1 against_II smallpox_NN )_) and_CC stitch_VV0 in_II some_DD threads_NN2 of_IO DNA_NN1 from_II the_AT rabies_NN1 virus_NN1 ._. 
To_II the_AT immune_JJ systems_NN2 of_IO the_AT animals_NN2 that_CST it_PPH1 may_VM infect_VVI ,_, the_AT resultant_JJ mutant_NN1 virus_NN1 will_VM look_VVI as_CS21 if_CS22 it_PPH1 is_VBZ rabies_NN1 and_CC so_RR will_VM trigger_VVI antibodies_NN2 and_CC generally_RR stimulate_VVI immunity_NN1 against_II the_AT disease_NN1 ._. 
But_CCB because_CS the_AT virus_NN1 is_58 '_GE really_RR '_GE vaccinia_NN1 ,_, the_AT infected_JJ animal_NN1 will_VM suffer_VVI none_PN of_IO the_AT ill-effects_NN2 of_IO rabies_NN1 while_CS becoming_VVG proof_NN1 against_II infection_NN1 by_II any_DD '_GE real_JJ '_GE rabies_NN1 virus_NN1 ._. 
We_PPIS2 stand_VV0 to_TO derive_VVI immense_JJ benefits_NN2 from_II such_DA releases_NN2 of_IO genetically_RR engineered_JJ organisms_NN2 into_II the_AT environment_NN1 providing_CS they_PPHS2 do_VD0 what_DDQ we_PPIS2 expect_VV0 them_PPHO2 to_II ._. 
But_CCB there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 risk_NN1 ._. 
What_DDQ if_CS ,_, by_II some_DD unforeseen_JJ mischance_NN1 ,_, the_AT vaccinia-rabies_JJ hybrid_NN1 turned_VVD into_II an_AT1 organism_NN1 that_CST actually_RR spread_VV0 rabies_NN1 -_- a_AT1 disease_NN1 that_CST has_VHZ always_RR been_VBN comparatively_RR difficult_JJ to_TO catch_VVI with_IW smallpox-like_JJ contagion_NN1 ?_? 
This_DD1 scenario_NN1 is_VBZ unlikely_JJ in_II the_AT extreme_JJ ._. 
But_CCB research_NN1 over_II the_AT past_JJ 40_MC years_NNT2 or_CC so_RR has_VHZ revealed_VVN some_DD great_JJ surprises_NN2 in_II the_AT natural_JJ world_NN1 ._. 
Genes_NN2 -_- for_IF resistance_NN1 to_II antibiotics_NN2 ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 can_VM be_VBI swapped_VVN between_II micro-organisms_NN2 of_IO completely_RR different_JJ species_NN naturally_RR ,_, in_II the_AT wild_JJ ._. 
There_EX are_VBR almost_RR certainly_RR other_JJ surprises_NN2 out_RP there_RL which_DDQ ,_, by_II definition_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 can_VM not_XX speak_VVI about_II today_RT ._. 
We_PPIS2 must_VM try_VVI to_TO ensure_VVI that_DD1 ,_, as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO our_APPGE own_DA genetic_JJ manipulation_NN1 ,_, they_PPHS2 do_VD0 not_XX turn_VVI out_RP to_TO be_VBI unpleasant_JJ surprises_NN2 ._. 
So_RR the_AT civil_JJ servants_NN2 in_II the_AT Department_NN1 of_IO the_AT Environment_NN1 are_VBR to_TO be_VBI congratulated_VVN ._. 
They_PPHS2 have_VH0 recognised_VVN that_CST the_AT laws_NN2 to_TO protect_VVI our_APPGE environment_NN1 need_NN1 to_TO be_VBI extended_VVN and_CC revised_VVN to_TO cope_VVI with_IW the_AT situation_NN1 genetic_JJ engineering_NN1 presents_NN2 ._. 
They_PPHS2 have_VH0 ,_, sensibly_RR ,_, realised_VVN that_CST the_AT benefits_NN2 from_II proceeding_VVG with_IW caution_NN1 outweigh_VV0 the_AT risks_NN2 and_CC there_EX is_VBZ no_AT case_NN1 for_IF banning_VVG the_AT practice_NN1 outright_RR ._. 
They_PPHS2 have_VH0 recommended_VVN that_CST anyone_PN1 who_PNQS intends_VVZ to_TO release_VVI a_AT1 genetically_RR manipulated_VVN organism_NN1 into_II the_AT environment_NN1 should_VM first_MD seek_VVI consent_NN1 of_IO some_DD '_GE competent_JJ authority_NN1 '_GE which_DDQ must_VM be_VBI satisfied_VVN that_CST the_AT proposed_JJ release_NN1 is_VBZ as_RG safe_JJ as_CSA reasonably_RR practicable_JJ ._. 
Release_VV0 without_IW consent_NN1 will_VM be_VBI a_AT1 crime_NN1 ,_, regardless_RR of_IO the_AT innocuousness_NN1 or_CC otherwise_RR of_IO the_AT organism_NN1 ._. 
So_RG far_RR ,_, so_RG good_JJ ._. 
But_CCB the_AT civil_JJ servants_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN vague_JJ when_CS it_PPH1 comes_VVZ to_II the_AT detail_NN1 of_IO who_PNQS is_VBZ to_TO be_VBI the_AT competent_JJ authority_NN1 ,_, who_PNQS is_VBZ to_II foot_NN1 the_AT bill_NN1 for_IF its_APPGE work_NN1 (_( and_CC any_DD extra_JJ studies_NN2 it_PPH1 may_VM require_VVI before_II giving_VVG consent_NN1 )_) ,_, and_CC how_RGQ much_DA1 of_IO its_APPGE deliberations_NN2 are_VBR to_TO be_VBI made_VVN public_NN1 ._. 
Moreover_RR ,_, it_PPH1 seems_VVZ as_CS21 if_CS22 the_AT Thatcherite_JJ revolution_NN1 has_VHZ still_RR not_XX penetrated_VVN the_AT dark_JJ towers_NN2 of_IO Marsham_NP1 Street_NNL1 ._. 
For_CS there_EX is_VBZ no_AT mention_NN1 of_IO how_RRQ capitalism_NN1 or_CC the_AT consumer_NN1 can_VM play_VVI their_APPGE proper_JJ roles_NN2 in_II determining_VVG the_AT future_NN1 of_IO genetic_JJ engineering_NN1 ._. 
This_DD1 is_VBZ a_AT1 serious_JJ omission_NN1 ,_, redolent_JJ of_IO the_AT old_JJ habits_NN2 of_IO thought_NN1 that_CST if_CS only_RR the_AT public_NN1 will_VM trust_VVI Whitehall_NP1 ,_, all_DB will_VM be_VBI well_JJ ._. 
One_MC1 of_IO the_AT first_MD commercial_JJ products_NN2 to_TO derive_VVI from_II this_DD1 biotechnology_NN1 is_VBZ likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI genetically_RR engineered_JJ tomatoes_NN2 ._. 
By_II manipulation_NN1 of_IO the_AT tomato_NN1 's_GE genetic_JJ blueprint_NN1 ,_, scientists_NN2 can_VM alter_VVI the_AT rate_NN1 at_II which_DDQ it_PPH1 ripens_VVZ ._. 
This_DD1 reduces_VVZ the_AT wastage_NN1 due_JJ to_TO damage_VVI in_II the_AT journey_NN1 from_II greenhouse_NN1 to_II supermarket_NN1 shelf_NN1 ._. 
There_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 dual_JJ benefit_NN1 to_II the_AT consumer_NN1 :_: because_CS there_EX is_VBZ less_DAR wastage_NN1 ,_, the_AT genetically_RR engineered_JJ tomatoes_NN2 ought_VMK to_TO be_VBI cheaper_JJR ;_; and_CC they_PPHS2 ought_VMK to_TO taste_VVI better_RRR too_RR ._. 
Well_RR then_RT ._. 
Let_VV0 the_AT consumer_NN1 make_VVI the_AT choice_NN1 ._. 
Let_VV0 us_PPIO2 make_VVI sure_JJ that_CST the_AT law_NN1 to_TO be_VBI put_VVN before_II Parliament_NN1 this_DD1 autumn_NNT1 requires_VVZ genetically_RR engineered_JJ products_NN2 to_TO be_VBI clearly_RR labelled_VVN as_II such_DA ._. 
All_DB the_AT submissions_NN2 to_II the_AT Government_NN1 from_II the_AT biotechnology_NN1 industry_NN1 have_VH0 called_VVN for_IF greater_JJR public_JJ information_NN1 about_II genetic_JJ engineering_NN1 ,_, so_CS no_PN121 one_PN122 can_VM object_VVI to_II giving_VVG consumers_NN2 the_AT chance_NN1 to_TO make_VVI informed_JJ choices_NN2 as_CSA they_PPHS2 push_VV0 their_APPGE supermarket_NN1 trolleys_NN2 ._. 
It_PPH1 is_VBZ also_RR right_JJ that_CST consumers_NN2 should_VM pay_VVI the_AT full_JJ price_NN1 of_IO the_AT advantages_NN2 they_PPHS2 will_VM enjoy_VVI as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO genetic_JJ engineering_NN1 ._. 
The_AT market_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 mechanism_NN1 for_IF ensuring_VVG even_RR that_CST the_AT potential_JJ risk_NN1 of_IO damage_NN1 to_II the_AT environment_NN1 can_VM be_VBI costed_VVN ._. 
It_PPH1 is_VBZ called_VVN insurance_NN1 ._. 
Before_CS the_AT '_GE competent_JJ authority_NN1 '_GE sanctions_NN2 any_DD release_NN1 into_II the_AT environment_NN1 it_PPH1 should_VM stipulate_VVI that_CST the_AT releaser_NN1 has_VHZ to_TO take_VVI out_RP an_AT1 insurance_NN1 policy_NN1 that_CST will_VM cover_VVI it_PPH1 for_IF any_DD consequential_JJ damage_NN1 to_II the_AT environment_NN1 and_CC necessary_JJ clean-up_NN1 operations_NN2 ._. 
The_AT cost_NN1 of_IO the_AT premiums_NN2 would_VM ,_, of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, be_VBI passed_VVN on_II21 to_II22 consumers_NN2 in_II the_AT price_NN1 of_IO the_AT products_NN2 ._. 
After_II all_DB ,_, I_PPIS1 am_VBM not_XX allowed_VVN to_TO drive_VVI a_AT1 motor_NN1 car_NN1 without_IW having_VHG proved_VVN my_APPGE ability_NN1 to_II a_AT1 '_GE competent_JJ authority_NN1 '_GE the_AT driving_JJ test_NN1 examiner_NN1 ._. 
But_CCB once_RR I_PPIS1 have_VH0 passed_VVN my_APPGE test_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 am_VBM not_XX allowed_VVN out_RP on_II the_AT road_NN1 without_IW insurance_NN1 ._. 
If_CS such_DA stipulations_NN2 are_VBR made_VVN for_IF so_RG mundane_JJ a_AT1 practice_NN1 as_CSA motoring_NN1 ,_, they_PPHS2 would_VM seem_VVI to_TO be_VBI reasonable_JJ precautions_NN2 for_IF protecting_VVG our_APPGE environment_NN1 for_IF the_AT rest_NN1 of_IO time_NNT1 from_II possible_JJ damage_NN1 by_II man-made_JJ creatures_NN2 ._. 
How_RGQ hot_JJ summers_NNT2 brought_VVD us_PPIO2 stripped_JJ pines_NN2 :_: Scientists_NN2 now_RT believe_VV0 a_AT1 dramatic_JJ loss_NN1 of_IO conifer_NN1 needles_NN2 which_DDQ struck_VVD West_NP1 German_JJ forests_NN2 may_VM have_VHI been_VBN caused_VVN by_II the_AT weather_NN1 ,_, rather_II21 than_II22 pollution_NN1 ._. 
Martyn_NP1 Kelly_NP1 reports_VVZ By_II MARTYN_NP1 KELLY_NP1 IN_II THE_AT mid-1980s_NN2 press_VV0 stories_NN2 about_II coniferous_JJ trees_NN2 in_II German_JJ forests_NN2 losing_VVG their_APPGE needles_NN2 were_VBDR at_II their_APPGE peak_NN1 ._. 
Half_DB a_AT1 decade_NNT1 on_RP ,_, global_JJ warming_NN1 has_VHZ become_VVN the_AT biggest_JJT environment_NN1 story_NN1 ._. 
However_RR ,_, the_AT cause_NN1 of_IO tree_NN1 blight_NN1 has_VHZ remained_VVN the_AT subject_NN1 of_IO intense_JJ speculation_NN1 ,_, being_VBG variously_RR attributed_VVN to_II '_GE acid_NN1 rain'_VVG ,_, ozone_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 mystery_NN1 disease_NN1 ,_, or_CC any_DD combination_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 ._. 
But_CCB now_RT scientists_NN2 believe_VV0 the_AT root_NN1 cause_NN1 of_IO Germany_NP1 's_GE problems_NN2 could_VM simply_RR be_VBI drier_JJR weather_NN1 ,_, albeit_CS aggravated_VVN by_II acid_NN1 deposition_NN1 and_CC by_II the_AT growing_JJ tendency_NN1 for_IF forests_NN2 ,_, like_II farmland_NN1 ,_, to_TO be_VBI planted_VVN as_CSA monocultures_VVZ ._. 
In_II German_JJ forests_NN2 ,_, there_EX was_VBDZ a_AT1 consistent_JJ pattern_NN1 of_IO damage_NN1 to_II Norway_NP1 spruce_NN1 ,_, the_AT main_JJ species_NN affected_VVN ,_, beginning_VVG with_IW a_AT1 yellowing_NN1 of_IO the_AT upper_JJ surface_NN1 of_IO older_JJR needles_NN2 and_CC progressing_VVG to_II the_AT death_NN1 of_IO the_AT needle_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 marked_JJ thinning_NN1 of_IO the_AT crown_NN1 of_IO the_AT tree_NN1 as_CSA dead_JJ needles_NN2 dropped_VVD off_RP ._. 
The_AT colour_NN1 change_NN1 from_II green_NN1 to_II yellow_NN1 suggested_VVD that_CST the_AT key_NN1 may_VM lie_VVI in_II chlorophyll_NN1 ,_, the_AT compound_NN1 responsible_JJ for_IF photosynthesis_NN1 ._. 
They_PPHS2 followed_VVD this_DD1 up_RP to_TO show_VVI that_DD1 affected_JJ leaves_NN2 had_VHD lower_JJR concentrations_NN2 of_IO magnesium_NN1 ,_, an_AT1 important_JJ part_NN1 of_IO the_AT chlorophyll_NN1 molecule_NN1 ._. 
The_AT disease_NN1 theory_NN1 was_VBDZ discounted_VVN early_RR on_RP by_II Reinhart_NP1 Huttl_NN1 of_IO the_AT University_NN1 of_IO Freiburg_NP1 ,_, who_PNQS grafted_VVD affected_JJ shoots_NN2 on_II21 to_II22 otherwise_RR healthy_JJ trees_NN2 ._. 
The_AT mystery_NN1 virus_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ thought_VVN ,_, would_VM spread_VVI into_II the_AT healthy_JJ tree_NN1 ,_, causing_VVG that_CST too_RR to_TO become_VVI diseased_JJ ._. 
In_II fact_NN1 ,_, the_AT opposite_NN1 was_VBDZ the_AT case_NN1 ;_; the_AT grafts_NN2 became_VVD green_JJ ._. 
If_CS disease_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX responsible_JJ ,_, then_RT perhaps_RR the_AT answer_NN1 lay_VVD with_IW a_AT1 physical_JJ cause_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 air_NN1 pollution_NN1 ._. 
There_EX were_VBDR two_MC contenders_NN2 for_IF this_DD1 :_: acid_NN1 deposition_NN1 (_( in_II all_DB its_APPGE various_JJ forms_NN2 )_) and_CC ozone_NN1 ._. 
Bernard_NP1 Ulrich_NP1 and_CC colleagues_NN2 at_II the_AT University_NN1 of_IO Gottingen_NP1 had_VHD proposed_VVN that_DD1 deposition_NN1 of_IO sulphur_NN1 and_CC nitrogen_NN1 compounds_NN2 (_( originating_VVG from_II industrial_JJ activity_NN1 and_CC power_NN1 generation_NN1 )_) led_VVD to_II the_AT release_NN1 of_IO aluminium_NN1 from_II minerals_NN2 in_II the_AT soil_NN1 ._. 
This_DD1 ,_, in_II turn_NN1 ,_, was_VBDZ toxic_JJ to_II the_AT tree_NN1 roots_VVZ responsible_JJ for_IF uptake_NN1 of_IO nutrients_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 magnesium_NN1 ._. 
Meanwhile_RR ,_, in_II laboratories_NN2 in_II Essen_NP1 ,_, Bernard_NP1 Prinz_NP1 was_VBDZ suggesting_VVG that_DD1 forest_NN1 decline_NN1 was_VBDZ caused_VVN by_II damage_NN1 to_II foliage_NN1 by_II ozone_NN1 ,_, another_DD1 gas_NN1 produced_VVN as_II a_AT1 by-product_NN1 of_IO industry_NN1 ._. 
However_RR ,_, Siegfried_NP1 Fink_NP1 ,_, a_AT1 colleague_NN1 of_IO Huttl_NN1 at_II Freiburg_NP1 ,_, found_VVD that_CST needles_NN2 exhibiting_VVG the_AT symptoms_NN2 of_IO forest_NN1 decline_NN1 showed_VVD changes_NN2 initially_RR in_II the_AT vascular_JJ cells_NN2 of_IO needles_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ transport_NN1 nutrients_NN2 from_II the_AT roots_NN2 ._. 
From_II here_RL ,_, damage_NN1 spread_VVN to_II the_AT cells_NN2 responsible_JJ for_IF photosynthesis_NN1 ._. 
A_AT1 needle_NN1 exposed_VVN to_II gaseous_JJ pollutants_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 ozone_NN1 ,_, on_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, showed_VVD signs_NN2 of_IO damage_NN1 first_MD in_II the_AT more_RGR exposed_JJ photosynthetic_JJ cells_NN2 and_CC only_RR later_RRR in_II the_AT better-protected_JJR vascular_JJ tissues_NN2 ._. 
Scientists_NN2 working_VVG for_IF Britain_NP1 's_GE Central_JJ Electricity_NN1 Generating_JJ Board_NN1 also_RR found_VVN flaws_NN2 in_II the_AT experimental_JJ techniques_NN2 used_VVN by_II Prinz_NP1 and_CC his_APPGE colleagues_NN2 ._. 
The_AT Germans_NN2 used_VVD a_AT1 machine_NN1 which_DDQ converted_VVD oxygen_NN1 in_II air_NN1 into_II the_AT ozone_NN1 which_DDQ they_PPHS2 used_VVD for_IF their_APPGE experiments_NN2 ._. 
However_RR ,_, Drs_NP1 Keith_NP1 Brown_NP1 and_CC Mike_NP1 Roberts_NP1 found_VVD that_CST nitric_JJ acid_NN1 was_VBDZ produced_VVN from_II atmospheric_JJ nitrogen_NN1 at_II the_AT same_DA time_NNT1 and_CC that_CST this_DD1 was_VBDZ responsible_JJ for_IF most_DAT of_IO the_AT damage_NN1 ._. 
When_CS they_PPHS2 repeated_VVD their_APPGE experiment_NN1 with_IW ozone_NN1 produced_VVN from_II pure_JJ oxygen_NN1 they_PPHS2 found_VVD very_RG little_DA1 effect_NN1 ._. 
Mike_NP1 Roberts_NP1 and_CC colleagues_NN2 at_II the_AT CEGB_NP1 's_GE research_NN1 laboratories_NN2 now_RT think_VV0 that_DD1 air_NN1 pollution_NN1 plays_VVZ only_RR a_AT1 minor_JJ role_NN1 after_II all_DB (_( Forestry_NN1 ,_, vol_NN1 62_MC ,_, pp_NNU2 179-222_MCMC )_) ._. 
They_PPHS2 agree_VV0 that_CST yellowing_JJ needles_NN2 are_VBR caused_VVN by_II magnesium_NN1 deficiency_NN1 ._. 
However_RR ,_, they_PPHS2 are_VBR not_XX convinced_JJ that_CST the_AT primary_JJ cause_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 is_VBZ toxic_JJ concentrations_NN2 of_IO aluminium_NN1 released_VVN into_II the_AT soil_NN1 as_CSA acidity_NN1 increased_VVD ._. 
Instead_RR they_PPHS2 see_VV0 low_JJ concentrations_NN2 of_IO magnesium_NN1 as_II a_AT1 natural_JJ phenomenon_NN1 exacerbated_VVN by_II air_NN1 pollution_NN1 ._. 
The_AT prime_JJ cause_NN1 ,_, they_PPHS2 believe_VV0 ,_, was_VBDZ a_AT1 succession_NN1 of_IO dry_JJ summers_NNT2 in_II the_AT mid-1970s_NN2 ._. 
Drought_NN1 resulted_VVN in_II decreased_JJ root_NN1 growth_NN1 and_CC slower_JJR breakdown_NN1 of_IO soil_NN1 litter_NN1 ,_, an_AT1 important_JJ source_NN1 of_IO magnesium_NN1 for_IF forest_NN1 trees_NN2 ._. 
A_AT1 further_JJR factor_NN1 complicating_VVG the_AT story_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT trend_NN1 towards_II monoculture_NN1 of_IO timber_NN1 trees_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 spruce_NN1 ._. 
This_DD1 increases_VVZ soil_NN1 acidity_NN1 ,_, and_CC encourages_VVZ trees_NN2 to_TO form_VVI shallow_JJ roots_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR less_RGR efficient_JJ and_CC more_RGR prone_JJ to_II the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO drought_NN1 ._. 
It_PPH1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 slowing_VVG down_RP of_IO the_AT spread_NN1 of_IO forest_NN1 decline_NN1 in_II the_AT late_JJ 1980s_MC2 that_DD1 first_MD pointed_VVD the_AT CEGB_NP1 scientists_NN2 towards_II climate_NN1 as_II the_AT cause_NN1 ._. 
In_II 1984_MC ,_, foresters_NN2 found_VVD that_CST 20_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO the_AT Norway_NP1 spruce_NN1 in_II West_NP1 Germany_NP1 's_GE forests_NN2 had_VHD lost_VVN more_RRR than_CSN a_AT1 quarter_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE needles_NN2 ._. 
By_II 1988_MC this_DD1 had_VHD dropped_VVN to_II about_RG 15_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO spruce_NN1 ,_, and_CC other_JJ species_NN such_II21 as_II22 pine_NN1 and_CC fir_NN1 showed_VVD similar_JJ improvements_NN2 ._. 
In_II other_JJ words_NN2 ,_, the_AT symptoms_NN2 were_VBDR at_II their_APPGE worst_JJT during_II the_AT hot_JJ ,_, dry_JJ summers_NNT2 of_IO the_AT early_JJ Eighties_MC2 and_CC started_VVD to_TO improve_VVI in_II subsequent_JJ wet_JJ summers_NNT2 ._. 
It_PPH1 is_VBZ ,_, cynics_NN2 might_VM say_VVI ,_, exactly_RR the_AT conclusion_NN1 one_PN1 would_VM expect_VVI from_II scientists_NN2 in_II the_AT pay_NN1 of_IO the_AT CEGB_NP1 ._. 
However_RR ,_, Mike_NP1 Roberts_NP1 ,_, now_RT director_NN1 of_IO the_AT Natural_JJ Environment_NN1 Research_NN1 Council_NN1 's_GE Institute_NN1 of_IO Terrestrial_JJ Ecology_NN1 (_( South_ND1 )_) ,_, is_VBZ quick_JJ to_TO point_VVI out_RP that_DD1 acid_NN1 deposition_NN1 does_VDZ exacerbate_VVI the_AT problem_NN1 ,_, in_RR21 particular_RR22 by_II washing_VVG magnesium_NN1 from_II an_AT1 already_RR nutrient-poor_JJ soil_NN1 ._. 
Deposition_NN1 of_IO nitric_JJ acid_NN1 in_RR21 particular_RR22 may_VM contribute_VVI to_II the_AT equation_NN1 as_II a_AT1 fertiliser_NN1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 a_AT1 pollutant_NN1 per_RR21 se_RR22 ._. 
This_DD1 is_VBZ because_CS the_AT increased_JJ supply_NN1 of_IO nitrogen_NN1 may_VM encourage_VVI tree_NN1 growth_NN1 at_II a_AT1 faster_JJR rate_NN1 than_CSN the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO magnesium_NN1 in_II the_AT soil_NN1 can_VM support_VVI ._. 
The_AT mechanism_NN1 which_DDQ Roberts_NP1 proposes_VVZ might_VM be_VBI expected_VVN to_TO work_VVI anywhere_RL that_DD1 spruce_NN1 is_VBZ grown_VVN ._. 
However_RR ,_, forest_NN1 decline_NN1 was_VBDZ far_RG more_RGR extensive_JJ in_II Germany_NP1 and_CC continental_JJ Europe_NP1 than_CSN ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, in_II Britain_NP1 and_CC Norway_NP1 ._. 
This_DD1 he_PPHS1 attributes_VVZ to_II our_APPGE oceanic_JJ climate_NN1 ._. 
Proximity_NN1 to_II the_AT Atlantic_NP1 means_VVZ rainfall_NN1 in_II Britain_NP1 contains_VVZ quite_RG a_AT1 lot_NN1 of_IO dissolved_JJ salts_NN2 from_II the_AT sea_NN1 ._. 
So_RR although_CS the_AT wet_JJ climate_NN1 in_II the_AT west_ND1 of_IO Britain_NP1 causes_VVZ more_DAR magnesium_NN1 to_TO be_VBI washed_VVN from_II the_AT soil_NN1 than_CSN in_II Germany_NP1 ,_, this_DD1 amount_NN1 is_VBZ far_RG less_DAR than_CSN that_DD1 added_VVD to_II the_AT soil_NN1 each_DD1 year_NNT1 from_II rainfall_NN1 ._. 
The_AT conundrums_NN2 surrounding_VVG forest_NN1 decline_NN1 were_VBDR many_DA2 ._. 
Why_RRQ was_VBDZ it_PPH1 so_RG regional_JJ in_II character_NN1 ?_? 
Why_RRQ did_VDD pollution-sensitive_JJ lichens_NN2 survive_VV0 on_II affected_JJ trees_NN2 ?_? 
Demonstrating_VVG climate_NN1 to_TO be_VBI the_AT primary_JJ cause_NN1 clears_VVZ up_RP many_DA2 such_DA problems_NN2 ._. 
At_II the_AT same_DA time_NNT1 ,_, it_PPH1 gives_VVZ foresters_NN2 and_CC the_AT power_NN1 industry_NN1 a_AT1 much_RR clearer_JJR picture_NN1 of_IO how_RRQ their_APPGE activities_NN2 are_VBR affecting_VVG the_AT trees_NN2 ._. 
Ironically_RR ,_, Mike_NP1 Roberts_NP1 is_VBZ one_MC1 person_NN1 who_PNQS welcomed_VVD the_AT drought_NN1 earlier_RRR this_DD1 summer_NNT1 ._. 
The_AT extra_JJ stress_NN1 that_CST it_PPH1 will_VM have_VHI caused_VVN to_II forest_NN1 trees_NN2 in_II Britain_NP1 and_CC the_AT continent_NN1 will_VM provide_VVI one_MC1 of_IO the_AT first_MD tests_NN2 of_IO his_APPGE new_JJ ideas_NN2 ._. 
